1) possibility 2) permission
3) intention 3) obligation
---> can, could, will, would, shall, should, might, must, may, ought
2. prefix - place at the beginning of base words to form new words
re - pay
3. suffixes - place at the end of base words to form new
speech - less
4. something belongs or relates to someone
1) Daniel's -----> after singular names/nouns
2) Girls ' -------> after plural nouns ended with s
3) Chidren's ----> after plural nouns that not end with s
5. countable nouns -----> bananas, oranges, biscuits
-----> a few, some, several, many
6. uncountable nouns ---> sugar, salt, flour
---> a little, some, a lot of, much, any
# some -----> for both countable/uncountable - some apple/some sugar
=> a bag of rice
=> a bar of chocolate
=> a bottle of water
=> a can of sardine
=> a carton of milk
=> a box of cereal
=> a jar of jam
=> a loaf of bread
=> a packet of biscuit
=> a slice of pizza
7. Adverb - describe action/verbs and adjective
dance ---> gracefully, awkwardly, stylishly
walk ---> hurriedly, hastily, clomsily
read ---> silently, loudly, quietly
sing ---> happily, sweetly, softly
drive ---> cautiously, carefully, recklessly
8. Collective nouns ----> used to describe group of people or group of animals
=> a herd of antelopes
=> a group of men
=> a flock of birds
=> a pack of lions
=> a troop of monkeys
=> a swarm of bees
FISH => a catch of fish
a shoal of fish
a school of fish
BIRD => a flight of bird
a flock of bird
RABBIT => a colony of rabbit
a nest of rabbit
HORSE => a herd of horse
a stable of horse
9. Article ----> a, an, the
( used with nouns )
1) for consonant sound vowel ( university )
not specific ----> a
2) for consonant letter
1) for vowel letter
----> an
2) for silent consonant
( honest )
specific ----> the [ for paticular person/thing ]
10. Prepositions : used to show place, position or time
=> in, out, under, to, behind, by, on, between, of, before
11. Simile : to describe something by comparing it to something similar. They often begin with "as" or "like"
=> as white as milk
=> as red as blood
=> as black as coal
=> as sharp as cucumber
=> as sharp as needle
=> run like the wind
=> as quick as lightning
=> as gentle as dove
=> cries like a baby
=> as busy as bee
=> as brave as lion
=> sleep like a log
=> swim like a fish
=> as beautiful as a rainbow
12. Superlative adjective and comparative adjative - special form of adjective
i ) Comparative adjective - er/more
- used to compare two persons or things
( Faster than)
( Stronger than )
ii ) Superlative adjective - est/most
- used to compare three or more persons/things
( The fastest )
( The strongest )
_________________________________________________________
| Adjective | Comparative | Superlative |
| slow | slower than | the slowest |
| noisy | noisier than | the noisiest |
| comfortable | more comfortable than | the most comfortable |
13. Idioms - idiom is a group of words that has a different meaning from the meaning of the individual words
=> apple of my eyes => spring to mind
=> with flying colours => castles in the air
=> put on their thinking caps => breathe easily again
=> cold feet
=> by the book
14. Conjunction : used to join words, phases or sentences
or ---> to show a choice
so ---> to explain or to show result
and ---> links words or groups of words
because ---> used to say why something happens
but ---> words that have different or contrasting meanings
15. Homographs : words which have the same spelling but different meanings. Sometimes they may also have different pronounciation
Bow =>
Wind =>
Fly =>
Left =>
Ring =>
Watch =>
Minute =>
Table => dest/counter/chart
Present => be there/gift/offer
Case => box/proceeding/envelope
Permit => ticket/passport/allow
16. Simple Present Tense : used to show a habitual action and a universal truth.
=> Everyday ---> habitat action
=> The sun rises in the east ---> universal truth
* usually
* sometimes
* every year
* every week
17. Adjective : used to describe things/person
=> new yellow shirt
=> small rattan basket
=> old wooden cupboard
=> pretty red roses
18. Proverbs - are, short, well - known sayings stating a general truth or piece of advice
a) where there is a will, there is a way = If you want something badly enough, you can find the means to get it
b) a friend in need is a friend indeed = the person who is really your friend will be your friend no matter
c) a stitch in time saves nine
= better to spend a little time to deal with problems or act right now than wait
d) honesty is the best policy
= telling the truth should be the first response to answering any question or dilemma
e) better late than never
= To arrive or do something later than expected isn't good, but it is better than not at all
19. Past Tense of irregular verbs
come - came hurt - hurt
eat - ate cut - cut
drink - drank hit - hit
20. Metaphors - a comparison between two things.
a) The boy often apes his brother
( apes = imitates )
b) That boy over there is such a pest
( pest = annoying )
c) You have given something for me to chew on
( to chew on = think about )
d) The teacher drums the rules into our heads every day
( drums the rules = repeats the rules )
e) The police will comb the whole area to find the robbers
( will comb = will search anywhere )
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